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Transformational Government is the use of computer-based information and communications technologies (ICT) to change the way governments work. The term is commonly used to describe a government reform strategy which attempts to radically change the way people understand government, especially those working within government. For example, it is often associated with a 'whole-of-government' viewpoint, which tries to foster cross-department collaboration and provide 'one-stop-shop' convenience in the delivery of services to citizens. The term ''Transformational Government'' is usually used aspirationally, as denoting the 'highest' level of what e-government can achieve: (1) presence, where ICT, and usually websites, are used to provide information; (2) interaction, where government interacts with citizens, and departments interact with each other, online especially by email; (3) transaction, where such things as paying taxes or licenses are carried out online; (4) transformation, which involves a reinvention of government functions and how they operate.〔Gartner Group. Gartner's Four Phases of E-Government Model. Research Note Tutorials. 2000. (www.gartner.com).〕 In relation to developing countries, it is often associated with hopes of reducing corruption, and in relation to developed countries, with attempts to increase the involvement of the private and voluntary sectors in government activity. ==History== During the last two decades, governments around the world have invested in ICT with the aim of increasing the quality and decreasing the cost of public services. But over that time, as even the least developed countries have moved to websites, e-services and e-Government strategies, it has become increasingly clear that e-Government has not delivered all the benefits that were hoped for it.〔‘The failure of e-government in developing countries: a literature review’. The Electronic Journal on Information System in Developing Countries. Dada, D. (2006)〕 One study found that 35% of e-government projects in developing countries resulted in total failures; and that 50% were partial failures.〔‘eGovernment as a Carrier of Context’. IGovernment Working Paper No.15, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Higher Education Admission Center (HEAC) Heeks, R. (2004). Available at ()〕 In reaction to these poor outcomes, there has been a shift of perspective to 'Transformational Government', aiming beyond purely technical aspects of better enabling e-government processes towards addressing the cultural and organisational barriers which have hindered public service benefits realisation. Researchers have defined the rationale for Transformational Government as “the exploitation of e-government such that benefits can be realized”.〔Electronic transformation of government in the UK: A research agenda. European Journal of Information Systems 16, 327-335 Irani, Z., Elliman, T. and Jackson, P. (2007)〕 In 2010 the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) published a report〔(OASIS : eGov Pitfalls Guidance (April 2010) )〕 which identified a wide range of common pitfalls which have hampered many governments in achieving significant impacts through their technology investments. However, OASIS also noted that: :“… an increasing number (governments ) are now getting to grips with the much broader and complex set of cultural and organizational changes which are needed for ICT to deliver significant benefits to the public sector. This new approach is generally referred to as Transformational Government.” OASIS cites 〔 the UK and Australia as two of the leaders in this area: : “Transformational Government…. encompasses a new "virtual" business layer within government which allows an integrated, government-wide, citizen-focused service to be presented to citizens across all channels, but at no extra cost and without having to restructure government to do so. Two very good examples of this new approach are South Australia’s “Ask Just Once” portal and the UK Government’s DirectGov portal, and the approach is explained in very good detail in the CS Transform’s white paper entitled "Citizen Service Transformation – a manifesto for change in the delivery of public services”. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transformational Government」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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